Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Longitudinal analysis of developmental changes in electroencephalography patterns and sleep-wake states of the neonatal mouse

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207031

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Protocol summarizing the timing of the longitudinal recording sessions in individual mice. ( B ) After electrode placement surgery at P7 or P8, the attached electrode apparatus is of minimal size and the exposed pin header allows reversible connections for recording EEG and EMG while permitting pup feeding and group nesting. ( C ) Weight gain in operated and naïve mice. *p<0.05, P14 and P17, **p<0.01, P21 naïve compared to EEG recorded mice by two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Holm-Sidak posttest; n = 9–11 per age group. (D) Histological assessment of electrode placement and injury during EEG recording of the neonatal mouse. Top panels: Cresyl violet stained coronal sections display limited injury to underlying layer I/II cortex of naive or EEG recorded (Rec) mice caused by surgery or recoding paradigm. Bottom panels: GFAP analysis shows no signs of gliosis in the cortex or hippocampus of EEG recorded (Rec) neonatal mice compared to naïve (Naïve) controls; n = 8 Rec, n = 6 Naïve. Scale bar is 500μm.

Article Snippet: EEG and EMG signals were digitized at 400Hz (MP150; Biopac) and pups were recorded in up to 3-hour sessions.

Techniques: Staining

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Longitudinal analysis of developmental changes in electroencephalography patterns and sleep-wake states of the neonatal mouse

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207031

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Representative 15 second EEG and nuchal EMG traces from a postnatal day 9 (P9) mouse exhibit a discontinuous EEG pattern during periods of high muscle tone (upper traces) and muscle atonia (lower traces). A ten minute EEG/EMG CDSA displays bursts of EEG activity separated by brief periods of suppressed EEG power and limited slow wave activity. Despite intermittent bursts of EMG activity, EEG shows no definite evidence of qualitative state changes. The P9 FFT displays the mean total power within the frequency for the entire recording period. ( B ) Representative P10 EEG and EMG traces display initial evidence of state change, with low amplitude, relatively continuous EEG activity and prominent EMG activity during the awake state, higher amplitude discontinuous bursts of prominent slow wave activity on EEG and decreased EMG activity during NREM, and low amplitude continuous EEG activity with suppressed EMG with intermittent myoclonic activity during REM sleep. The CDSA displays state differences in short, defined vigilance patterns with multiple sleep/wake cycles (W- Awake; NREM- NREM sleep; REM- REM sleep; not all vigilance epochs labeled) of a P10 neonatal mouse. The P10 power FFT displays a significant increase in power (1-7Hz) during NREM labeled epochs. *p<0.05, compared to awake/REM by ANOVA with Tukey; n = 8. ( C ) Representative P12 EEG, EMG, and CDSA traces display well-defined distinction between different vigilance state patterns, with limited discontinuity during NREM sleep. The P12 power FFT displays a two-fold increase in delta power (1-4Hz) with an increase in overall power (1-17Hz) during NREM sleep episodes. *p<0.05, compared to awake/REM by Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s; n = 9. ( D ) Representative P14 EEG, EMG and CDSA traces display clear vigilance state patterns. The P14 power FFT displays significant increase in delta power during NREM sleep and the development of a 5Hz peak during REM sleep epochs (arrow). *p <0.05, versus awake/REM by one-way ANOVA; n = 8.

Article Snippet: EEG and EMG signals were digitized at 400Hz (MP150; Biopac) and pups were recorded in up to 3-hour sessions.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Labeling

Journal: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM

Article Title: Neuroprotective Effect of Uncaria rhynchophylla in Kainic Acid-Induced Epileptic Seizures by Modulating Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Sprouting, Neuron Survival, Astrocyte Proliferation, and S100B Expression

doi: 10.1155/2012/194790

Figure Lengend Snippet: The alteration of electroencephalographic (EEG) signals in KA-injected animals. Basal EEG activity from the sensorimotor cortex was characterized by 6–8 Hz activity in rats when awake (a). KA-induced temporal lobe seizures, including wet dog shakes (WDS) with intermittent polyspike-like activity (b), facial myoclonia with continuous sharp waves (c) and paw tremor (PT) with continuous spike activity (d). Lt Cx = EEG recording from the left sensorimotor cortex; Rt Cx = EEG recording from the right sensorimotor cortex; EMG = EMG recording from the neck muscle.

Article Snippet: Electrodes were connected to an EEG and EMG-monitoring machine (MPlOOWSW, BIOPAC System, Inc., Calif, USA).

Techniques: Injection, Activity Assay

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Dynamic Network Activation of Hypothalamic MCH Neurons in REM Sleep and Exploratory Behavior

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0305-19.2019

Figure Lengend Snippet: Deep-brain imaging of MCH neurons. A, Schematic of transfection of MCH neurons in MCH-Cre mice with AAV-DIO-GCaMP6 followed by placement of the GRIN lens in region transfected with GCaMP6 (slow or medium). The miniscope is attached to the GRIN lens via a baseplate on the skull. B, Photomicrograph depicts the location of the GRIN lens (outlined in dashed lines) atop the body of GCaMP6s containing neurons in the hypothalamus in a representative MCH-Cre mouse. The brain region containing the GRIN lens was sectioned along the coronal axis of the brain, and tissue containing the GCaMP6s neurons were identified. f, Fornix. Scale bar, 300 μm. C, Immunohistochemistry revealed that GCaMP6s-infected neurons (green) were also immunopositive for MCH. The coronal sections were incubated with the MCH antibody and visualized using a Leica confocal microscope. Scale bar, 80 μm. D, The field of view of the GRIN lens with fluorescence (ΔF/F0) in somata and processes during REM sleep in neurons extracted automatically by PCA-ICA analysis. We have labeled the three neurons (labeled 1, 2, and 3) whose Ca2+ fluorescence is plotted in E. E, GCaMP6s fluorescence (ΔF/F0) in MCH neurons is associated with REM sleep. Ca2+ imaging was performed simultaneously with recording of cortical EEG and EMG activity in the nuchal muscles. Behavioral video recordings were obtained and examined to identify behaviors such as walking, eating, grooming, or eating. Activity in the EEG (depicted as power spectra, 0.3–15 Hz) and the EMG is used to identify wake, NREM, and REM sleep states (labeled as hypnogram). The traces depict the change in fluorescence (ΔF/F) during wake–sleep bouts of the three neurons identified in D. In each neuron, the ΔF/F0 (expressed as a z-score) varies with the wake–sleep state of the animal, with peak fluorescence associated with REM sleep. The hypnogram categorizes the sleep–wake states in the following colors: purple, active wake; blue, quiet wake; green, NREM; yellow, pre-REM sleep; red, REM sleep. F, The same field of view as in D, but this image shows the PCA-ICA extracted neurons (ΔF/F0) while the mouse was engaged in exploring novel objects placed in its home cage. This image shows that some neurons that were evident in REM sleep (D) were also activated during exploratory behavior. However, some neurons in D were not evident during exploratory behavior, indicating selective activation of these neurons during REM sleep (D). Thirty percent of the neurons were activated during REM sleep but not during exploratory behavior, indicating that a subset of MCH neurons is selectively active in REM sleep. G, GCaMP6s fluorescence in MCH neurons while exploring novel objects. The traces are from the same neurons represented in REM sleep (E). Note that the GCaMP6s has a rapid response and a slow rate of decay, which makes it difficult to infer whether the imaged neuron fired as single spikes or in clusters.

Article Snippet: The sleep–wake states were identified based on EEG, EMG and video data (Neuroexplorer; Plexon).

Techniques: Imaging, Transfection, Immunohistochemistry, Infection, Incubation, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Labeling, Activity Assay, Muscles, Activation Assay